Environmental Science Notes Essay

1. Green revolution: intro of scientifically bred or selected varieties of grain that can greatly increase crop yields. 2. Things that cause seasons on earth: earth tilted on axis, sun distribution 3. Large scale hydroelectric projects around the world: 3 gorges dam, dams going on in india 4. Age distribution diagrams: ZPG=looks like a building that doesn’t change, bottom same as top. Slow growth=base a bit longer than top but not quite a pyramid. Rapid growth=WIDE base, narrow top, like a pyramid 5. Waste water treatment process: get water, drain out sludge, have sludge area, water goes through process to get more sludge out, water gets aerated, water gets filtered with Cl to remove bacteria. 6. Human pop on earth: 6.8 billion. US pop: 300 million. Most populated countries: china, india, US 7. Soil horizons: O,A,B,C. O is organic material and leaf litter and such. A is top soil and humus. B is parent material. C is bedrock, solid rock 8. Rule of 70: 70/percent=time it will take to double population 9. Replacement level fertility: reproducing enough babies to replace yourself(in developed countries, it’s 2.1, but in developing, it’s 2.5 because of infant mortality) 10. Waste created by nuclear power plants: radioactive waste in solid liquid or gas state 11. Biggest threats to biodiversity: HIPPO, habitat loss, invasive species, population growth, pollution, and overexploitation 12. Integrated pest management: people come in and solve your pest problem without using harmful chemicals or pesticides. Situations are situation specific and take a longer time to solve. 13. Aquaculture: trapping fish in a coast, or netted fenced area of water to use for produce and food or commercial use 14. Demographic transition model: preindustrial, transitional, industrial, postindustrial. Pre- high birth and death rates. Trans- high birth rates and low death rates. Ind- lower birth rates, and same death rates. Post- birth and death rates equal 15. Photosynthesis: CO2+H2OO2+C6H12O6. Needs solar energy 16. Half life: radioactive decay of how long it takes for half of material to decay 17. Tragedy of the commons: when a renewable available to everyone resource is depleted 18. Population growth rate equation: (births-deaths)/10 19. Genetic engineering: getting genes from one organism and putting them in other organisms to get desired trait 20. 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics: 1st states that energy is neither created nor destroyed. 2nd states that as energy is changed and moves up trophic levels, it decreases 21. Where is coal located around world: US in mountainous areas, Russia, china, and Australia 22. Denitrification: ammonium to N gas. Assimilation: when plants and animals turn nitrates into amino acids and proteins. Ammonification: nitrates to ammonium. Nitrification: N gas to nitrates and nitrites. Nitrogen fixation: Nitrogen to nitrogen gas that is ready to go to nitrites 23. Montreal protocol: when they noticed that ozone was disappearing, they banned chlorofluorocarbons in industries and anything else in 1987 24. Antarctic treaty of 1961: countries could only use Antarctica for peaceful matters 25. Pop growth curves: irruptive- overshootdieback. Cyclic: predator and prey’s pop patterns change together. Logistic: exponential to carrying capacity then moves around the carrying patterns a little. 26. Carrying capacity: biotic potential + environmental resistance, what population the environment can withstand What I kind of know 1. Cons of mining: removes 90% of nonfuel mineral and rock recourses, 60% of coal used in US destroys forests, contaminates streams and groundwater, leaves highly erodible hills of rubble, susceptible to chemical weathering, slow vegetation regrowth, damages and buries streams below, toxic wastewater, produces air pollution 2. Ways to reduce soil erosion: terracing (growing food on slopes), no till farming, windbreaks of trees, strip cropping, contour farming 3. Cause of fluctuation of CO2 levels during a year: amount of trees, photosynthetic activity, burning fossil fuels, trash, power generation and transport 4. Surface mining: to remove mineral deposits found fairly close to the earth’s surface, removing soil, subsoil and other strata. 5. Types of irrigation: drip-delivers small amts of water onto crop roots (best). Flood-delivers more water than needed for a crop to grow. Centro pivotal- spray attachments water crops 6. Consequences of global temperature increase: melting ice and snow, less sunlight reflected back into space, rising sea levels, changing ocean currents, more acidic seas, change in precipitation and weather extremes, and disrupting ecosystems, more radiation 7. Pros and cons of dams: pros-cheap electricity, reduces downstream flooding, provide year round water for irrigation. Cons: displace people, disrupt aquatic systems, and prevent fish to swim upstream and get caught in it and die 8. Ozone layer function: filter out most of sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation 9. Cause of stratospheric ozone loss: chlorofluorocarbons use, ODCs, halons, hydrobromofluorocarbons, methyl bromide, HCl, carbochluorides, methyl chloroform, n-propyl bromide, hexachlorobutadicine. 10. Ways to reduce atmospheric CO2: cut fossil fuel use, shift from coal to natural gas, improve energy efficiency, shift to renewable energy resources, transfer energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies to developing contries, reduce deforestation, use sustainable agriculture and forestry, reduce poverty, slow population growth 11. Season when ozone hole is most noticeable: October, Antarctic spring (winter) 12. DDT, mercury: pesticides that are toxic to humans and are very persistent and a lot of the time they go to the wrong species and they disrupt the ecosystem. They are broad spectrum pesticides. 13. P cycle: P circulates through water, earth’s crust, and living things, it is the most limiting because it does not become gaseous. C cycle: C circulated through earth’s air, water, soil, and living things and it depends on photosynthesis and respiration. N cycle: bacteria helps recycle N through the earth’s air, water, soil and living organisms (N fixationnitrificationassimilationammonificationdenitrificationN fixation). Water cycle: evaporation, condensation, precipitation, percolation 14. Importance of genetic diversity: resistance to mass extinctions, monocultures, and inbreeding 15. Biomes, locations, reasons for why they are located in certain areas: 1. Gasification: agricultural wastes, including wood wastes any of various processes by which coal is turned into low, medium or high BTU gases 2. Cogeneration: production of 2 useful forms of energy, such as high temp heat or steam and electricity, from the same fuel source 3. Cultural eutrophication: human activities that greatly accelerate the input of plant nutrients to a lake (mostly NO3 and phosphate). 4. Sand: low porosity and high permeability. Clay: low permeability and high porosity. Porosity is the volume of pore space. Silt has low to average porosity and average permeability. Permeability is the ability of water to flow through the soil 5. Incinerating trash: burning trash, boiling water to make steam for heating water of space for producing electricity. Cons: expensive to build, costs more than short distance hauling to landfills, difficult to site because of citizen opposition, some air pollution, older poorly managed facilities can release large amts of air pollution, output approach that encourages waste production, competes with recycling for burnable materials like newspaper. Pros: reduces trash volumes, less need for landfills, low water pollution, concentrates hazardous substances into ash for burial or use as landfill cover, sale of energy reduces cost, modern controls reduce air pollution, some facilities recover and sell metals. 6. Sun angle, fewer daylight hours, tropospheric length has not enough solar radiation to reach the surface, high Albeao and less water vapor causes polar areas to get really cold. 7. Integrated waste management: variety of strategies for waste reduction and management to deal with our produced solid wasted reduce, reuse and recycle 8. Layers of atmosphere: troposphere is closest to earth’s surface and contains 90% of mass of entire atmosphere. Stratosphere has the ozone layer that absorbs UV rays from sun and protects life on earth. Mesosphere is the coldest layer of the atmosphere. The mesopause is the boundary between mesosphere and thermosphere. Thermosphere is the last layer of atmosphere and it is warmer than mesosphere and has a little O2 and has a layer of ionized gases 9. Waste created by coal power plants: heat to troposphere, CO2 and air pollution 10. Pros and cons of coal power: pros- ample supply, high net energy, low cost, well developed mining and combustion technology, air pollution can be reduced with improved technologies. Cons: severe land disturbance, air pollution, water pollution, high land use, severe threats to human health, high CO2 emissions, radioactive particles and toxi mercury into air 11. Pros and cons of nuclear power: pros- large fuel supply, low envir. Impact, emits 1/6 as much CO2 as coal, moderate land use and disruption and water pollution, and Low risk of accidents. Cons- expensive, low net energy yield, catastrophic accidents, no solution for radioactive waste storage, terrorist attacks, weapons 12. Source of radon: some soil and rock 13. Tropospheric ozone: air pollutant, bad ozone because it can damage living tissue and break down certain materials 14. Acid rain: caused by coal burning power plants, ore smelters and industrial plants that use tall smokestacks to emit SO2 and NO2 into troposphere. Consequences: 2-14 day persistence, ruins sensitive soil, worsens respiratory disease, attacks metallic and stone, decreases atmospheric visibility, kills fish, depletes soil of vital plant nutrients and harms crops and plants. Solutions: improving energy efficiency, reduce coal use, increase natural gas use and renewable energy resourcs, burn low sulfur coal, remove SO2 and NO2 from smokestack gases, remove NO2 from motor vehicular exhaust, tax emissions of SO2, add lime to neutralize acidified lakes and add phosphate fertilizer to neutralize acidified lakes. pH of rain: 5.6 or less. Problem in eastern US. 15. Greenhouse gases and their sources: water vapor, CO2, CH4, NO2, O3. Sources are burning fossil fuels, electricity production, transportation, industry, commercial and residential, agriculture, land use and forestry. 16. LD-50: median lethal dose of a toxin, radiation or pathogen is dose required to kill  ½ the members of a tested pop after specified test duration 17. Radon: Rn-222 is a natural occurring gas that is colorless and odorless and radioactive found in some soil and rock, seeps into homes and buildings and can cause lung cancer. Lichen can indicate it 18. Clean water act: attempt to control efforts of pollution of country’s surface waters. Standards for allowed levels of key water pollutants and requires polluters to get permits limiting how much of various pollutants can discharge into aquatic systems 19. Clean air act: causes lakes to be acidic. Made to prevent smog and prevent more air pollution disasters, air pollutant regulations for key pollutants 20. How carbon is removed from the atmosphere: remove from smokestack and vehicle emissions, store by planting trees, sequester deep underground, sequester in soil by using no till conservation and taking cropland out of production, sequester CO2 deep in ocean, repair leaky gas pipelines and facilities, use animal feeds that reduce methane emissions by belching cows. 21. UN conference of the human environment: expanding understanding of envir. Issues, gathering and evaluation envir. Data, develop and monitor international envir. Treaties, provide grants and loans for sustainable econ. Devel. And reducing poverty, help more than 1—nations develop envir. Laws and institutions 22. Reclamation of disturbed lands: process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake. Stabilized against the hazards of water and wind erosion 23. RCRA: resource conservation and recovery act regulates hazardous waste produced in the US passed in 1976 amended in 1984. Goal to prevent unsafe and il legal disposal of hazardous wastes on the land. 24. Uranium-235: isotope of uranium making up about .72% of the natural uranium sustains fission chain reaction 25. Biomagnifications: increase in concentration of DDT, PCBs, and other slowly degradable far soluble chemicals in organisms at successively higher trophic levels of a food chain or web. 26. Efficiency of an incandescent lightbulb (5%), photosynthesis (1%), coal power (33%) 27. Fecal coliform bacteria: various strains of E. Coli to detect the presence of infectious agents in water 28. Consequences of SO2, lead, O3 in troposphere, and particulates: SO2- breathing problems, visibility reduction and aggravation of asthma, damages crops, trees, soils, and lake aquatic life, corrodes metals and damages paint, paper, and leather and stone on buildings. O3- coughing, breathing problems, reduces resistance to colds and pneumonia, irritates eyes, nose, and throat, aggravates asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and heart disease and damages plants, rubber in tires, fabrics and paints. Particulates- irritate the nose and throat, damage lungs, aggravate asthma and bronchitis, shortens life. Lead- mutations, reproductive problems, cancer, nervous system damage, mental retardation and digestive and other health problems, reduce visibility and corrode metals and discolor clothes and paints. 29. CERCLA: requires parties responsible for creating a hazardous waste site to be responsible for its cleanup 30. NAFTA: goal to eliminate barriers to trade and investment between US, Canada and Mexico to eliminate tariffs on more than  ½ of Mexico’s exports to the US. Try to pressure countries to improve envir. Protection mechanism 31. Electrostatic precipitators: to remove particulates, after they are in smokestack gas, it gives them a negative charge, they are attracted to a positively charged precipitator wall and fall off the wall into a collector, they maintain and remove 99% of particulate, but use a lot of electricity and do not remove hazardous ultrafine particles and produce a toxic dust that must be disposed of safely. 32. Alternatives to chlorine in waste water treatment: microfiltration, ultrafiltration, ion exchange

Friedrich Froebel’s Ideas On the Role of Play In the Early Years Education Essay

Play is probably the very first thing that comes to our minds when we start thinking about our childhood. Certainly it’s hard to talk about early years without referring to play, as it is a part of children’s natural behaviour, embedded in their spontaneous day-to-day life. The fact that the play is enjoyable is generally agreed, but the value of play in school, however, has been in the centre of much debate in the past (and it seems like that debate is still going on today). The roots of contemporary understanding of the role of play in early childhood education extend clearly to Friedrich Froebel, a German educator, who organized and systematized the methods of early childhood in accordance with the idea of â€Å"the spontaneous, self-sustaining nature of children† (E. Evans, 1971, p. 43). Froebel believed that every child had within him all he was to be at birth, and that the proper educational environment was to encourage the child to grow and develop in the most favourable manner. â€Å"Young children are to be regarded and tended essentially like plants. Like these, if they were given the right conditions, they would grow and unfold and flower, by their own law, each according to its individual capacity and destiny. † (E. Lawrence, 1969, p. 195) In his study of child-nature one of the most marked characteristics, which attracted Froebel’s attention, was the child’s inborn desire for activity, which reveals itself in play. According to Froebel, â€Å"play is the freest active manifestation of the child’s inner self which springs from the need of that inner living consciousness to realize itself outwardly. † (H. Bowen, 1907, p. 116) Froebel made a significant contribution to early childhood education by seeing play as a process in which children bring to realization their inner nature. He recognized that children began to learn as soon as they began to interact with the world, and he reasoned that since the interaction was mostly in the form of play, the way to educate a child was through play, â€Å"as a means of awakening and developing the active and presentative side of his nature; wherefore none, not even the simplest gifts from a child, should ever be suffered to be neglected. † (F. Froebel, 1901, p. 77) Froebel’s continuous studies of the function of play in a child’s life came to fruition in the concept of the Kindergarten ? a place where children â€Å"instruct and educate themselves† and where they develop and integrate all their abilities through play. Froebel believed that play provided the means for a child’s intellectual, social, emotional and physical development. Games were not just idle time wasting, but the most important steps in the child’s development, and they were to be watched by teachers as clues to how the child is developing. â€Å"It is through play that the child learns the use of his limbs, of all his bodily organs, and with this use gains health and strength. Through play he comes to know the external world, the physical qualities of the objects which surround him, their motions, action, and reaction upon each other, and the relation of these phenomena to himself, ? a knowledge that forms the basis of that which will be his permanent stock for life. † (H. Bowen, 1907, p. 101) However, Froebel didn’t think that the play of young children should be unprompted at all times. For him the skill of adults was in knowing how and when to intervene, how to support and extend children’s play to help them â€Å"to grasp and to try out their learning in concrete ways. † (T. Bruce, 1997, p. 23) To stimulate learning through well-directed play Froebel designed a series of instructional materials, which he called â€Å"gifts† and â€Å"occupations†.

Comparative International Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Comparative International Marketing - Assignment Example It is a well known fact that the famous and well known brands make use of multiple brand elements. For instance, Nike makes use of the ‘swoosh’ logo, ‘Just do it’ slogan and the legendary ‘Nike’ name based upon ‘winged goddess of victory’ (Wrenn, Kotler, & Shawchuck, 2009). Therefore, in this regards, it can be stated that the most recognized global brands tend to possess the various brand elements such as name, logo, and slogan as well as brand story. The six main parameters for choosing the brand elements are that they need to be meaningful, likable, memorable, adaptable, transferable and protectable (Wrenn, Kotler, & Shawchuck, 2009). Reasons for Preferring Global Brands In particular, the brands that operate across international borders and are widely recognized all over the world are generally categorized as global brands. Researches on global brands such as Adidas, Zara, and Nokia among others have established their benefits i n comparison to other brands. It is often assumed that the global brands tend to provoke greater favorable affect. They are perceived to be of considerably superior quality and thus enjoy greater recognition as well as trust. They have also been found to be evoking luring global myths and tend to have greater advantages in comparison to the local brands. Global brands demonstrate positive impact on brand esteem. Global brands are generally preferred by the customers because of their wide accessibility. These brands are well known, standardized, more multi-ethnic, and highly authoritative and are also observed to be depicting more social responsibility in comparison to other brands (Dimofte, Johansson, & Bagozzi, 2010). Role of Global Branding To Firms One of the significant advantages to the firms from global branding has been economies of scale. The companies are likely to benefit from huge economies of scale that can be generated in all parts of the business methods. Large economi es of scale can be created with a comprehensive focus on Research & Development (R&D) efforts in a few of the international locations, the rationalization of the production methods and the standardization of the marketing program. The second most significant benefit to the firms from the global brands is the generation of the unique global image. This helps in the reduction of the costs in the communication area. The other benefit of the global brands to the firms is that there will be increase in the sales of the companies since the travelers will view their preferred brands being available at other markets as well. The trade channels are likely to accept a global brand that has been advertised in their market (Girboveanu, n.d.). It can be stated that the global brands tend to be beneficial for the firms as they are largely driven by a single focused strategy in their globalised operation. Benefits of Standardization For Certain Brands Even though there is high demand for the local products owing to the economic growth taking place as well as anti-globalization sentiments, it has been observed that the global brands and products are generally standardized. A few of the international products that have been standardized are Gillette razor blades along with other brands such as Sony and Benetton. The significant pros of

Write a discussion in the form of a literature review that identifies Essay

Write a discussion in the form of a literature review that identifies what the different research philosophies are - Essay Example Thus, the choice of methodology for answering a research question or investigating a specific problem is an important decision for the final result or outcome. The way in which people collect and interpret data or information during the research is broadly varying and depends on the research philosophy followed by a researcher. Every methodology has its own philosophical groundwork, which is important for understanding as it promotes better informed research (Eriksson & Kovalainen, 2008). The aim of this research is to provide an overview of the literature related to various research philosophies including both ontological and epistemological research stances, and to explore such main philosophical research paradigms, as idealism, realism, positivism, interpretivism, pragmatism, and phenomenology. Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2012) explain that practically every stage of research process is based on assumptions about human knowledge, and state that these assumptions shape the researcher’s understanding of the questions he/she is looking answers for. Therefore, assumptions of the researcher predefine his/her research philosophy – the way which he or she views the world (Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill, 2012; Crossan, 2003). Research philosophy is defined by Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2012, p. 127) as â€Å"the development of knowledge and the nature of that knowledge†. Proctor (1998) explains that research philosophies depend on the level of enquiry and can be differentiated by three categories: epistemological (what can be known?); ontological (what is the nature of reality?); and methodological (how can a researcher explore/find what he/she believes can be known?). More detailed overview of ontological and epistemological stances in provided in th e next section. While researchers rarely take time to explore and analyze assumptions related to their personal values, this practice could be very helpful in understanding wider

Postcolonial Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Postcolonial Literature - Essay Example /inferior postcolonial literature dominates most literary study and it is clear that the establishment of Afrocentric criteria poses an important challenge to the traditional patterns. Not all of the hierarchies are so clearly drawn, nor are they so firmly entrenched as one might believe. Postcolonial critics such as Said, Loomba, Bhabha and Fanon address and describe the principal features of postcolonialisms intellectual inheritance. Edward Said Orientalism (1991) unveils an uneasy relationship with Marxism, a specifically poststructuralist and anti-humanist understanding of two opposite worlds: Western and colonial ones. In his works, Said states that while all texts are worldly, great texts reflect the greatest pressures and preoccupations of the postcolonial world. In contrast to Said, Fanon depicts resistance and anti-colonial ideas typical for the society of this period of time. In his works, Fanon pays a special attention to French colonialism and collective violence. Fanon claims that the most important thing for citizens is total liberation and freedom, liberal ideas and self-understanding. He writes: â€Å"Colonialism wants everything to come from it. But the dominant psychological feature of the colonized is to withdraw before any invitation of the conqu erors† (Fanon 63). In contrast to said, Fanon pays a special attention to grievances and problems of black population, slave and master relationships. B. Achebe Things Fall Apart focuses on the debilitating consequences of colonialism in the traditional African society with the sacrosanct male protagonists at the center of that society. Since the womans voice is, as it were, muted and the mans accented, many a feminist reader, nettled by such gross marginalization of the female gender, has relent- lessly flayed Achebes masculinist bigotry. Indeed, things fall apart because women have not been recognized as a potential dynamic force. Achebe makes no bones about delineating a woman as a slave rather than

Dietary supplements (e.g vitamins,herbal extracts,etc) Research Paper

Dietary supplements (e.g vitamins,herbal extracts,etc) - Research Paper Example Amino acids, which are the individual building blocks of proteins, are part of these substances. The supplements can come in form of pills, tablets, capsule, or liquid form. They add to the usual daily diet and must not be considered for food. They are widely available and some people take them for healthy purposes or because of health related complications. Minerals and vitamins are the common supplements. They include vitamin C or multivitamin, herbs and plants and natural source substances like omega-3 fatty acids. The supplements, according to the processors, contribute to well-being and health maintenance, but may treat, diagnose, or prevent infections or disease. Many people have used the ingredients for many years to treat illness and help health. At times some of these supplements are a basis for common medicines today. For instance, willow bark tea, for centuries, has been a fever control mechanism. Phamceutical firms eventually realised that it contained a chemical that helps in fevr reduction and used the knowledge to come up with aspirin (HOLLENSTEIN, 2007). The researcher used random questionnaires to collect information from people around his locality. The questionnaire had questions related to the necessity of using dietary supplements. Some of the questionnaires were online while the researcher distributed others manually to collect information locally and internationally. The method used was survey questioning where information from online questionnaires was compiled and related with that of the other respondents. They do provide a nutritional support to the body of a human being and help in meeting optimal nutrient levels to ensure health from the baseline. 35% of the respondents believe that dietary supplements are good for consumption, 4% think that some of them prevent influenza, 2% take them for boosting their immune, 10% support its consumption

Should the N-word be removed from the version of the The Adventures of Essay

Should the N-word be removed from the version of the The Adventures of Hucklberry Finn - Essay Example There are two reasons why censorship of the book should not be allowed. First, it goes against the spirit and letter of the Freedom of Speech provisions in the constitution of the country. Second, there is nothing inherently sinister about the word ‘nigger’. In other words, the author, instead of reinforcing the negative stereotype of black people, is only showing the abusive usage of language by their white owners. Moreover, the language used in the American South during the antebellum years can only be truly captured if such words are included in the novel. The essence and literary style of the Realist genre, which the novel employs, would be lost if political correctness is given importance over real substance. Also, since the civil rights movement of 1960s, the usage of the word ‘nigger’ is substituted by the more acceptable ‘black Americans’. But the change in nomenclature has not translated into change in their social status. Despite the U nited States presently boasting a black President, the community lags behind white folks in many respects. In this sense, this token change was merely euphemistic. Terming the language in the novel as being abusive is to miss the point. Author Mark Twain is playing the twin roles of writer and historian in the book.

Measuring National Identity for the U.A.E National and Resident Essay

Measuring National Identity for the U.A.E National and Resident Consumers - Essay Example The literature review will focus on addressing this gap by reviewing theories on both self-identity and national identity and concluding on the relationship that exists between these two. This research study will therefore build on the literature relative to self-identity and national identity and later link these with consumer preferences using the (national identity) NATID scale. This literature review is divided into four main parts. The first part of the literature review examines applicable theories and forms the basis of the theoretical framework for conducting this study. The second part of this chapter reviews the literature on both self-identity and national identity and their roles in consumer decision making. The third part of the literature review will then be narrowed to main research topic on national identity by describing the NATID including its history and development as a valid scale for measuring national identity. The chapter closes with a summary and conclusion on all the major themes and aspects of review that has been performed. This section of the chapter is dedicated to reviewing theories on self identity and national identity. Theories on self-identity and national identity are selected given the gap already referred to, where most existing works of literature have failed to acknowledge the impact of self-identity on the construction of national identity. As far as self-identity is concerned, the performativity theory shall be reviewed whilst the social identity theory and evolutionary theory of nationality shall be reviewed under national identity. Each of the three theories will pave way for constructing a hypothesis which will later be tested through the collection of primary data from respondents in UAE. Judith Butler’s theory developed in 1990 of performativity has long been used in the analysis of the

Novel Compared to Movie Adaptation Essay Example for Free

Novel Compared to Movie Adaptation Essay Film adaptation or movie adaptation has been a widespread practice in cinematic tradition around the world. Majority of such adaptations are made from fictions, primarily novels. Some of the other popular sources include autobiography, plays, scriptures and comic books. When a novel is adapted for movies, there are certain techniques deployed to give it a cinematic appeal. Inventing new characters and altering scenes fall into the category of primary adaptation techniques. Sometimes it is also noticed that an insignificant character in the novel is given a prominent part to play in the film. Novels with exteriority and physically dynamic structures are most commonly adapted for filming. Thus, modern novels with their intricate literary devices (such as stream-of-consciousness, internal monologues, etc. ) are difficult to make fit for movies. While changes are mandatory due to time constraints and nature of the medium, extreme care must be taken so that the original essence of the novel is not compromised. However, one school of thought argues that the director should treat the film separately from the novel as both are completely different works of art. Accurate arrangement of a novel at the time of filming is virtually impossible since both speak different literary languages. Contrary to this perspective, another school of thought steadfastly believes that the film must retain either the thematic or the aesthetic sense of its source. Changes should only be made wherever necessary. This doctrine lays more emphasis on the faithful reproduction of the source content. This article is going to make a comparative analysis between Fannie Hurst’s Imitation of Life and its cinematic adaptation of the same title directed by Douglas Sirk. One of the cardinal aspects of movie adaptation that every director must keep in mind involves the risk of taking the viewers away from the fiction: â€Å"It has been argued that these displays of technique and artifice make it difficult to respond affectively to art since they create distance between the fiction and the viewer. † (Sirk et al. 207) Cinema is quintessentially a self-reflexive form of art having a vast scope of expression. This freedom, if used discreetly and masterfully, may make an ordinary source look splendid. The novel Imitation of Life focuses not just on the crude nature of racism in America in the beginning of the twentieth century, but also, and perhaps on a more serious note, holds in view the limitations of the new women. Peola, one of the main female characters in the novel, represents the tragic predicament of being â€Å"neither black nor white yet both†. (Hurst et al. xxv) Her persistent struggle to live without black identity makes her suffer from the inconsolable loss of her mother. At the same time, Bea also gets entangled between career, romance and motherhood. She has to give up love and care for her daughter Jessie to pursue her career. The two sets of mother-daughter relationships portrayed in the novel, Bea-Jessie and Delilah-Peola, imply a subtle message which Hurst seeks to convey in the novel: a woman can’t â€Å"have it all†. (Hurst et al. xxv) The movie by Douglas Sirk does not deviate from the main plot of the novel to a great extent. Characters and conclusions in both cases are same, but the background is changed in the movie to suit the nature of time it depicted. It might be noted that the novel was written in 1933 whereas the movie was released in 1959. The identities of Lora and Annie as widowed single mothers are kept intact in the sense that Bea and Delilah are also shown as widowed single mothers in Hurst’s novel Imitation of Life. The cinematic counterparts of Jessie and Peola are Suzie and Sarah respectively. Lora’s fiance Steve is an adaptation of the character of Frank Flake in Imitation of Life. The movie Imitation of Life, as observed by Andrew Sarris in Film Culture, is characterized by an apparent notion of impossibility which Sarah wants to achieve – white skin. (Handzo 1997) If one attempts to make a comparative analysis between the movie and the novel, the element that comes to the fore is the introductory part. Sirk Douglas does without the elaborateness of Fannie Hurst in narrating the backdrop of Lora’s previous life when she was married. In the beginning of the novel, Bea is shown as a spinster who marries Benjamin Pullman. The subsequent chains of events that lead to Bea’s struggle for survival with an infant daughter are excluded from the movie. It opens with Lora’s soaring ambition of becoming a Broadway star – a curtain raiser which is followed by three social scenes the filmmaker conjures: â€Å"women and work, race relations, star mythology†. (Sirk et al. 27) In this sense, the movie mirrors the content of the novel in a threefold manner. To quote Sirk, â€Å"The mirror is the imitation of life. What is interesting about a mirror is that it does not show yourself as you are, it shows you your own opposite. † (Sirk et al. 3) As far as cinematic approach is concerned, the abrupt opening may be attributed to time constraints as well. However, the movie diverts from the novel in one critical aspect. While Bea pursues a successful career of businesswoman, Lora takes a different course altogether. Unlike the world of literature, the world of showbiz uniquely demands dynamism of action and hence, the characterization is justified per se. Another argument that can be cited with regards to the altered career path of the main protagonist of the movie is the shifting social climate in the times it was released. It was difficult for the filmmaker to envision his heroine as the owner of pancake restaurants. Moreover, during that phase many Afro-American actors were striving to put behind the stereotyped roles of household attendants. So changes in the storyline are especially reflected in the characterization of Annie. In addition to being a motherly figure of affection and care, she is also the source of wisdom in Lora’s household. (Richard 2008) Both the novel and the film adaptation share a striking resemblance in themes of romance. At the end of the novel, a triangular love develops between Bea, Flake and Jessie. Similarly, the movie also projects similar storyline where Suzie in her teenage is enamored by Steve who is Lora’s fiance. This modernist woman’s picture has been a source of much controversy in both the novel and the movie. It has given rise to a lot of feminist speculations regarding the ordeals faced by single working mothers in male dominant societies. The melodramatic imagination of the filmmaker goes beyond the confines of the novel. The cinematic experience of Imitation of Life presents a spectrum of diverse interpretations which are not fully realized in the novel. It can be stated without an iota of doubt that the freedom of expression in any moving medium is utilized to its fullest potential by the director, all within the permissive limits of the reel world. Works cited Hurst, Fannie, and Daniel Itzkovitz. Imitation of Life. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004. Sirk, Douglas, and Lucy Fischer. Imitation of Life: Douglas Sirk, Director. Piscataway: Rutgers University Press, 1991. Handzo, Stephen. â€Å"Intimations of Lifelessness. † bright lights film journal 18 (1997) Richard, Cicely A. â€Å"Film Analysis: Imitation of Life. † suite101. com. May 26, 2008. 7 March 2009 http://classic-film-dramas. suite101. com/article. cfm/film_analysis_imitation_of_life

Overview and Analysis of Emirates Airline

Overview and Analysis of Emirates Airline Emirates airline: aN overview Dubai based airline company is the subsidiary of Emirates Groups. The airline is the leading as well as the largest airline of not only UAE but also of Middle East. The airline operates more than 3400 flights per week. These flights take off from its hub at UAE to more than 133 cities in 73 countries around the world. The Emirates Groups service Emirates Sky Cargo undertake the cargo activities of this airline. According to 2007 report the airline is declared as the leading airline in term of revenue it generate, fleets (group of planes), and the passenger it carry, of Middle East. The airline is also the 10th largest airline in the world in term of travels who travel every week from this airline. From Dubai to Houston, Los Angeles, Sans Francisco, and Dallas company operate four of the world largest no stop commercial flight. Twenty year ago, Emirate Airline was born as the official airline of UAE. The airline in 1985 e started its operations, when in mid-1980’s the Gulf Air cutback to Dubai. From tan till now the airline has shown tremendous growth. The airline purchase its aircraft from the top companies in the world Air Bus and Boeing. The airline operates the mixed air fleets which are the wide-body aircrafts. And the company is one of the few in the world to use all wide-body aircraft. Recent by ordering 140 Air Bus A380s, the company is become the second to operate these air craft after Singapore. In aviation industry the company has established the strong brand name. Moreover, as the aviation leader in Middle East the company is providing quality services to its passenger from long ago. And this airline is hopeful in maintaining it strong growing position in future also. With many award in 2012 the company is also ranked 8th best airline in term of services it is providing around the world. culture and ORGANIZATIONAL structure The company has diverse culture, as it has many subsidizers and more than 50 parent company. And it’s operating in many industries and sectors. The industries company is catering are airport services, hospital industry, catering, and engineering. The total number of employees in this company were 38797 in the fiscal year 2011 (Group, 2011). The prime aim of the company as well as its employees are to deliver the unique and superior customer services. As for as, their employees are concerned, for them employees are their key assets and they provide many benefits to the employees including the old age benefits, fringe benefits, bonuses and many other benefits. They pay they gives to their employees are merit base pay as well as the pure performance based pay. Therefore, their employees are also loyal to the company (Group, 2011). Environmental Context Analysis of the UAE Organizations are referred as an open system, where there are many forces that directly or indirect affect the organizations. Environmental analysis is the analysis of forces around the organization that affect or make an impact on the ability of the organization to take decision. These forces are further divided as the macro forces as well as the micro forces. Micro forces are closer to company and have influence on company ability to full fill its customer’s needs and wants. These forces include the customers of the company, company itself, its competitors, the market intermediaries and many other stakeholders (Global Marketing Environmental Factors Affecting Marketing Strategy, 2013). Moreover, the macro environment of the company is the political, social, economic and technological forces around the company that affect the micro economic forces. In term of UAE, the environment of UAE is the dynamic environment. Economically the country is one of the fastest growing country in the world. The GDP growth of the country is exceptional. Some of the major contributor factor to this growing economy are the different sectors in the country ‘i.e.’ oil and gas sector, tourisms sector, transportation industry, education sector, trade sector, foreign direct investment, as well as many other sectors(). Micro environment of UAE is its trading partners, competitor ‘i.e.’ other countries in the Middle East region and UAE itself. While the macro factors are the political condition of the country its economic condition, society and the technological development in the country (PESTLE Analysis of UAE 2012, 2012). Economic Environment Economically the country has seen many ups and down in the previous years. However, the country has successfully take out itself from the economic crisis of 2008 and 2009, which was mostly due to world economic crisis and decline in trade. Today the economy of the country is growing on fastest pace and the recorded economy in 2013 was 4.4 percent, which was expected to reach at 4.8 percent this year. Due to ideal place for conducting businesses and due to best tourist spots in the country, the country is the ideal place for foreign investors. Socio-cultural Environment On social-cultural basis the country is one of the diverse in this Middle East region. People from many other countries come to live in UAE or for visiting UAE. Moreover, as the country has flourishing tourism industry therefore, from many country every year millions of people travel to UAE for holiday. Due to increasing diversity in the country there is mixed culture flourishing in the country (interact, 2014). Political and Legal Environment Politically UAE is strong and the political condition in UAE is stable. The environment is ideal for doing business as government does not interfere in business activities. The government has also establish a trade free zone for conducting businesses activities. Moreover, it has also provide lot of opportunities for foreign investors. In short, the government of UAE is stable politically, with strong political reforms. And the government is working hard for the development of UAE. Factors that may affect the airline industry are worldwide terrorisms and war. Technological Environment AND Natural Environment Technological the country is also growing, likewise in telecommunication industry Etisalat is the market leader, and providing best services in telecommunication industry around the world. The introduction of new technology will also affect the airline industry in positive as well as negative way. As for as natural resources are concerned UAE is rich in two of the biggest natural resources ‘i.e.’ petroleum and natural gas reserves. Competitor Analysis The competitors of Emirates Airline are the all other airlines from UAE. Some of the prominent airlines from UAE other than Emirates Airline are Etihad Airline, and Qatar Airline. Etihad Airline is another growing airline of UAE. The airline started its operations in 2003 and from that time till today the organization has shown exceptional growth in term of providing quality to the passengers who travel through this airline. Qatar Airline is another major competitor of Emirates Airline. In very short time span the company has establish it some a major competitor of other airlines. Right after its pre-lunch in 1997 Qatar Airline has awarded with many prestigious awards (Ceos message | Qatar Airways, 2014). However, the Emirates Airline is growing on a faster pace than its competitors. Direct Competitors In airline industry there is lot of competition. This section of the report will in-detail analyze some of the major direct and indirect competitors of Emirates Airline. And try to rate them on term on 1 to 5 rating in scale in term of quality by asking from people. We ask sample of 15 people to rate out competitor’s brands and our brand price quality on rating scale of 1 to 5. The analysis provided us with the certain weakness and strengths of Emirate Airline with regards to its competitors. Rating scale 1-5 Emirates Airline Etihad Airways Qatar Critical Success Factors rating rating rating Quality 5 4 3 Price 4 3 4 Availability 5 5 3 Good Will 4 3 4 Promotional Activities 5 4 3 Table 1 Emirates Airline receives rating of 4.6 rating, whereas, Etihad Airways receives an average of 3.8 rating and Qatar Airways receive the rating of 3.4. So it shows that over all Emirates Airline is working better as compared to other competitors. Moreover, there brand is better in term of quality, packaging and other factors to score higher these from customers. Analysis of Competitive Strategy and Position Positioning referred as the creating the image of the product in the mind of the customers as well as the consumers. These airlines mostly position there brand on following factors. These are mentioned in their mission statements, vision statement and as well as on their web site. Therefore we take the rating scale of 1-10 to rate these factors. The reason is that to know on which basis these organizations position their products. Rating scale 1 to 10 Emirates Airline Etihad Airways Qatar Airways Factors on which these airlines positioned their brands Rating Rating Rating Quality 10 9 8 Price 8 9 10 Availability 10 10 9 Good Will 9 9 8 Promotional Activities 10 10 10 Table 2 Above data clearly show that in term of quality, price, availability and promotional activities the top of the mind brand is Emirates Airline. While, Etihad Airways is the second brand in term of quality, good will and other mentioned factors in the mind of people. In term of quality people rate airlines as 10 for Emirates Airline and 9 and 8 for the rest two airlines Competitive Advantage In today world every organization is engaged in competition. In airline industry the competition is increasing day by day as the competitors are trying to provide more quality services then each other. in case of Emirates Airline as it is the oldest airline of UAE and has shown the tremendous growth over the time therefore, toady it’s as clear cut competitive advantage over it competitors. Market Research The airline industry of UAE ha lot of potential for growth as the UAE is the hub of tourism and millions of people as a tourist visited this country. Therefore the demand for services provided by many airlines is increasing day by day as the population of UAE is increasing. The main point that has to be cover are as follows: first thing that is required, is the identification of the targeted audience. Furthermore, the second that have to make clear is the need and wants of that targeted audience. The later part will in detail mentioned the targeted audience and the need and wants of that targeted audience. Mentioned earlier the main and the foremost thing in the marketing is target market identification. From this mean that we have to clarify that who are our potential buyer who will enjoy our services. For the purpose of identifying the target audience marketer first have to divide the market into different segments and then on the basis of their needs and wants offering them the desired product (DeMers, 2012). Emirate Airline target audience includes people of: business people, families, and transit passengers. Once a targeted audience is identified we have to look the need and wants of that targeted audience. Moreover, we have to look which need is least and which one is of most importance. Second aspect is that how the particular airline is going to satisfy or dissatisfy with the available services with respect to each of the priority important needs and wants. As for as Emirate Airline is concerned the basic need of people through this airline are comfortable journey, quality services, quality food during traveling, and may other required facilities during traveling. Like facilities that should be provided to disable and aged people are also cater by Emirates Airlines. (Special Needs | Essential Information | Emirates Online Booking and Planning | Emirates, 2014). Customer Analysis This section will in detail analyze the targeted market of Emirates Airline. Basically, the customer analysis is the way of gathering data from customer to known about their purchase decision. Therefore, the section in detail analysis the potential customer of this airline and the different factors that affect their purchase decisions. Three type of people is the target audience of Emirates Airline business people, families, and transit passengers. Target Market Segmentation Description Area / Region: UAE, and all six continent in the world AGE:people of all ages Gender:Both Family Life Cycle:Bachelors, married, working women, office working people, old age people are the targets. Other people:Business people, families, professional and other people from all over the world Table 3 Decision Making Process Analysis external consumer behavior variables Consumer behavior is the acts and decision processes of the consumer which they shows during the purchase the product as well as services. Different studies of consumer behavior has indicated that how individuals, groups and organizations make purchase decision and buy goods and servicer according to their needs and desires. While making purchase decision many factors affect consumer buying behavior (Dudovskiy, 2013). Factors that may affect the people travel through Emirates Airline are as personal factors, cultural factors, psychological factors and most important the social factors. Personal factors Factors such as our income, occupation, our life style which include daily basic activates, interests, as well as opinions. These factors are one of the most vital predictor of people buying behavior. Therefore, people choice regarding whether to travel through this airline or any other and if yes whether to travel through economic class or business class totally depended on these factors ‘i.e.’ on the income and their way of living (Personal Factors Affecting Buyer’s Behavior, 2010). Cultural factors and social factor Buying activities are deeply influenced by cultural factors such as: culture, subculture, and social class. Culture is defined as totally learned behavior that contain shared values believe, norms, customs and rituals of particular region. These shared values and beliefs have great impact on consumer behavior while making a purchase a certain product. Society has also great influencer on purchasing decision of consumers in different situations. Different forces that combined together create society are references groups, family groups and opinion leaders. Family also have great influence on buying behavior (Perreau, 2013). Positioning Strategy Emirates Airline Factors/ attributes on which airline positioned their brands Rating Quality 10 Price 8 Availability 10 Good Will 9 Promotional Activities 10 Diversification 10 Market segmentation research is an understanding of the market’s product needs and wants. It is the process of dividing potentialmarketsor consumers into specific groups and offering product according to their needs. Positioning is referred as creating the image of your product in the mind of that divided potential market. Moreover, positioning referred as factors on which companies differentiate their brand from their competitors. In analyzing product positioning, needs and wants are commonly referred to as product attributes. Some of the bases on which Emirates Airlines position their products are price, quality, demographic, by providing diversified products and many other basis. The Emirates Airline also position their products on following above mention factors in mind of their divided potential market. Additionally, the airline has become number choice of the families around the world. Moreover, the airline is economically strong and it will never turn down. Three type o f passengers toward whom they tailored their marketing and positioning strategy are business people, families, and transit passengers. Diversification is referred as offering new services to new market. The Emirate Airline also adopt that strategy. And toady Emirates Airline also known as low cost carrier (rodrigo, 2012). product strategy Being a service provider the major aim of the airline is to provide comfortable journey to its customers. And, as they also cargo carrier then their major aim is also provide on time delivery to its customers. Therefore, ensuring the quality services is the foremost strategy of the airline. Moreover, the airline always try to remain first in adopting new technologies and providing unique services. pricing strategy Emirate Airline is positioning their product on the basis of price. For example Emirate Airline has succeed to avoid its prices matching with what other airlines are offering product to customers at lower price. They have competitive pricing strategy. Moreover, another pricing strategy that Emirate airline is following is the premium pricing strategy (Emirates flight pricing sales strategy, 2014). The prices are not fixed they are flexible and it’s due to economic condition around the world. distribution CHANNELs The wholesaler and retailer through the use of their cargo services send their products to end customer. Therefore the no of channel between end customers are three. advertising strategy For Promotion of their brands Emirate Airline uses of traditional marketing techniques like: Word of mouth Web site promotional campaigns Social Networking TV and Print media Ads They allocate a handsome amount for their advertising budget. They also follow Informative Advertising: where they try to create brand awareness and knowledge of new products or new features of existing products. customer services and relationship activities Their cargo service provide on time delivery to its customers. Moreover, their major aim is provide the quality services for that they have dedicated team that work day and night for ensuring the quality (Special Needs | Essential Information | Emirates Online Booking and Planning | Emirates, 2014). For them their main aim is that they provide such services that their customers get full satisfaction. Over the time they have built strong relationship with their customers. Therefore, the airline is first choice of customer around the country and around the world. CONCLUSION Dubai based airline company is the subsidiary of Emirates Groups. The airline is the leading as well as the largest airline of not only UAE but also of Middle East. The airline operates more than 3400 flights per week. These flights take off from its hub at UAE to more than 133 cities in 73 countries around the world. The Emirates Groups service Emirates Sky Cargo undertake the cargo activities of this airline. With the only aim of providing the quality services as well as the comfortable journey to its travelers the airline is the leading airline of Middle East region. From long ago the airline is applying full fledge marketing strategies to ensure the quality services they are providing to their clients. They are following the best promotional strategies, pricing strategies, advertising strategies, and distribution strategies. Their position in the market is better than its competitors. Recommendation The only recommendation is that, they have to position their marketing activities while considering all their competitors. As, Etihad Airline is also doing well and providing tough time to its competitors. According to an article it is clearly mention that Etihad along with Emirate Airline are providing tough time to its competitors. Moreover, Etihad Airways is also providing best services and providing full customer satisfaction. Therefore, Emirate Airline has considered that also as Etihad may become threat for the Emirate Airline in future.

Importance of a Positive Nursing Image

Importance of a Positive Nursing Image Introduction When we are during a hospital or clinic for treatment or to go to a patient, we will meet with the ladies employees, wearing complete white. They are the nurses World Health Organization treat and assist patients within the hospital several different doctors. Treatment and sensible treatment of the patient, in terms of psychological causes the patient more leisurely keep in hospital and will heal quicker. They were terribly below standing of every patients red under their care. According to Virginia Henderson (2006) explicit the distinctive perform of the nurse is to help the individual sick or well, within the performance of these activities conducive to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the mandatory strength, can or information. Objective Discuss critically the image of nursing currently in Malaysia Importance of a positive nursing image display in the nursing profession Propose relevant strategies to enhance and protect the image of nursing. Nursing image in Malaysia Initially the event of nursing in Asian nation is slow and nursing careers less appealing as low-status views so the presumption instruction doctor solely. This can be as a result of they are doing not perceive the conception of nursing itself. the sector of nursing is wide and may be divided into four basic areas as practiced during this country (Malaysia), covering health nurses, medical nurses, community nurses and nurse teachers. For knowledgeable and qualified, they are going to be appointed to a lot of senior, like woman and chief nurse supervisor nurse supervisor. However, the nurse desires cannot be met by the country at the present. This was attributable to the college leavers dont need or have an interest in venturing into this more and more necessary field, or several might not remember of this growing career with a pretty financial gain. But most of the complaints from patients regarding poor service from workers nurse particularly in government hospitals. Nurses UN agency dont work with discipline and don’t meet the standards properly creating a picture of a hospital and therefore the nurses own image stigmatized. The Ministry of Health ought to look serious regarding this drawback. Attainable consequences of not happy with the quantity of rewards given, the nurse appeared to strike and dont need to try to the work as directed properly. Gratuity not is set properly. Wherever it ought to be, for nurses UN agency work late in the dead of night, every of them must be provided. In fact, wage compensation for operating additional night is enclosed. The government mustnt take gently. The initial step should be controlled to confirm the commonweal taken care of. Patients usually endure treatment at a personal hospital on the premise of desires adequate treatment instrumentality technology and more refined. Moreover, with sensible service from the personal hospital satisfactory. A price, even once the property as long as health is maintained. The government ought to build forceful changes to handle the issues that are usually spoken of, which can indirectly involve the increase of fall of the economy. Importance of a positive nursing image display in the nursing profession The lack of human resources during this space inflicting the government to hunt help from neighboring countries for energy services nurse. Measures like these area unit done by the government alone seeks to boost peoples health. Now, nurses are not any longer considered a career however as a profession thats vital and in nice demand. They not solely facilitate the doctor, however as associate assistant to the doctor closing the treatment and conduct of clinical procedures. In fact, just in case of emergency within the absence of doctors, nurses should modify before the arrival of the doctor. Following the institution of additional hospitals, colleges, medical coaching, medical centers and personal has spread out opportunities for nursing as a profession and upgrade their qualifications to degree level and specific clinical skills. This field offers a lot of the government hospital, Hospital UKM, Universiti Malaysia Medical Centre, National Heart Institute and personal medical centers. Candidates with sheepskin in Nursing are going to be offered profitable pay of quite RM1, 000 and alternative engaging amenities, as well as allowances and medical advantages. The requirement for this profession and to boost the nursing profession, LED the Ministry of Health, several universities and establishments providing nursing programs at sheepskin and degree levels. The program is meant to fulfill the energy desires of nurses for this and also the future area unit dwindling and at identical time rising clinical skills area unit perpetually evolving. The program has options of high educational and skilled is in a position to provide energy nurse with a basic data of nursing data, clinical skills and attitudes of high and noble characters to treat patients effectively. In addition, students are going to be schooled in practice-based theory to produce treatment and comprehensive care to patients. this is often as a result of nursing isnt solely seen in terms of recovery, however embody all alternative aspects of rising the health of people, families and communities, stop malady, treat and rehabilitate patients. High skills ought to be stressed to urge a decent read of the patient. With our work and additional disciplined to require care of the nurses own name within the eyes of the patient. Additionally, the hospital additionally got a reputation and control in high esteem and given satisfactory service patients. In the learning stage, as a sensible discipline, student’s area unit given exposure to the patient and exposure continues throughout, nursing. Besides, student’s area unit exposed to nursing analysis and nursing method. It aims to provide nurses UN agency doesn’t seem to be solely trained and skilled however additionally the characteristic of a tutorial has. With this effort, a stronger quality of labor is inspired. Malaysian nurses area unit in extremely demand by the gulf countries. They furnish an excellent contribution to boosting of the economy of the country. Several nursing theorists and researchers are developed everywhere the globe. They create out their skills suitably. They need contributed greatly to the shopper care improvement. The nurses will voice out and convey out the scientific changes through the nursing journals. Nursing journals area unit taking part in an important role in acts the nursing analysis papers. A number of the analysis has shown that the nurses area unit considerably higher in playing hand hygiene and infection management than doctors. There are units several evidences accessible that nursing analysis has been started long back. The Lady with the Lamp is founding father of fashionable nursing. She has used the scientific principles in taking care of the sick. There is a unit several nursing leaders given a lot of contribution to the event of the profession. Strategies to enhance and protect the image of nursing The need of innovation in health care is important in developing countries like Asian nation. Challenges associated with health care might not be addressed while not developing vital thinking skills to resolve issues and supply effective care arrange. Prime Minister locution recently, Business isnt as was common. So, we have a tendency to all have to be compelled to suppose outside of the box or the scope and enhance the power to provide innovations which will facilitate the daily work or routine nursing tasks. Plenty of power is often enforced. This can be the thought that sought-after independence and freedom suggests that the struggle should continue. Consequently, teachers and long and demanding thinking in clinical follow ought to be the norm in our health care system. With fast advances in medical technology and instrumentation, the nurses within the gift have to be compelled to operate hi-tech instrumentation and apply new clinical techniques and new pharmaceutical product. additionally, nurses operating twenty four hours every day, in any respect levels of service to differing types of patients, families, communities, health care employees and employees in alternative sectors. Therefore, nurses square measure in a very special state of affairs to produce solutions that creative and innovation will produce a true distinction within the daily lives of patients, organizations, communities and also the profession of nursing itself. So that, nurses face a difficult future however jam-packed with new opportunities inside and out of doors the country, then its termed as a nurses Global. This could achieve profession if hes continued to be enlarged from certificate to academic degree. The role of critical thinking in the nursing profession Critical thinking plays a vital role within the nursing profession and each nurse, in spite of the extent or specialization, the necessity to own a complete capability of vital thinking within the course of their daily activities on the duty truthful. Before home additional desires vital thinking by nurse, let we tend to recall the idea of vital thinking to know what its and its importance within the nursing profession. Vital assuming refers to the priceless skills to envision or think on the far side the apparent and sincere effort to seek out logical relationships between concepts. In alternative words, vital thinking could be a special talent firmly on the core principles and theories area unit guided by the logic of research and common sense. As with the other profession, a nurse, certified nursing assistant, or maybe within the nursing profession must have vital thinking nature or special skills. Nurses, as a part of his daily routine, has taken a rational call taking into consideration all the professional and cons, and hit firm conclusions that the planned answer is going to be of the proper kind. Many people usually confuse vital thinking with vital thinking. The two terms dont seem to be a similar and completely different in that means. Vital thinking involves creating a judgment, or take rational selections that may ultimately cause downside resolution. Vital thinking is commonly brought up criticize or supply vital comments. One among the necessary things that distinguish vital thinking from vital thinking, vital thinking associated with freedom of thought, and significant thinking refers to the liberty of thought. Nurses must always have that freedom of thought in doing their daily activities in order that they will use their vital thinking ability to make a decision on the right course of treatment, taking into consideration alternative aspects and explore all potential ways that. The individuals concerned within the nursing profession have been entrusted with the responsibility to produce effective health care to patients, and so be accountable for the patients life. Any wrong selections or activities shunned any thought, or rush, could cause a significant complication always. Therefore, the nurse should use vital thinking skills and make sure that the proper things area unit necessary in treating patients conducted. Vital thinking needs all choices to be explored and therefore the best answer is simply good for your desires met and enforced. Whereas giving treatment to patient, a nurse should make sure that the patient can get relief from treatment, not having any complications, and cannot have any pain or pain throughout the treatment method. Nurse, victimization vital thinking skills He ought to expect the results of treatment and prepared for call. selecting the most effective various, and therefore the weight of the choice is probably going to use foresight orienting vital thinking, and nurses ought to develop this invaluable talent Armed with information and conviction or self-belief. Upgrading the hospital system Each hospital presently awake to all the workers theyre ICT literate. This can be as a result of most of the hospital system is whether or not the system is on-line delivery of patient data like records of previous medical examinations of patients with medication at a pharmacy. The profession of nursing is that the most significant to be Associate in nursing knowledgeable within the field of ICT for the explanation they most upset patients. Thus, there are several steps that have got to be done to make sure that the nursing profession will turn out ICT literate workers. The first step you will be able to take may be a rebate for the acquisition of the iPad by the govt. together with the Malaysian telecommunications like Celcom, Maxis and Digi. Use of iPad will facilitate nursing workers to higher perceive ICT is wide used when whenever to require consecutive patient information hold on within the main hospital system. Therefore, the rebate Nurses will turn out ICT literate workers if enforced within the future. Implementation of the hospital administration was additionally one amongst the steps in manufacturing ICT literate workers. The administration has to send nurses to attend ICT courses unendingly and sporadically. Some samples of courses which will be command are that the thanks to use Microsoft Spreadsheets are typically employed in their career fields to calculate the statistics of patients returning to the hospital or admitted. Among alternative measures should be enforced to produce ICT literate workers is to expand the realm can do on-line net victimization wireless fidelity Associate in Nursing example system nets. Therefore, every nurse is ready to perpetually update their information on ICT. If your association is capable of a good vary of skills a nurse to become ICT literate. Self nurses themselves got to be able to get out of the temperature that unremarkably use manual ways like writing a report of nursing. Once the facilities provided by the hospital itself, as an example in Universiti Kebangsaan Asian country Medical Centre, that provides a CHEtS, medipro, OMS and Master of Education internet to facilitate the daily routine of nurses, thus nurses should have their own initiative to use the power properly. The final step to supply ICT literate nursing profession has to be started from scratch since theyre still in class. The applying of learning in ICT can facilitate folks to be additional ICT literate once turning into a nurse. The hospital administration ought to select workers World Health Organization have already got some information regarding ICT and still train them to become additional knowledgeable. In conclusion, these measures may be applied the nursing profession produce ICT literate workers within the future. Recommendation and Conclusion Based on the issues that are mentioned during a few verses on top of, that understand wherever theres discontent at intervals nursing itself against come back or reward ought to they earn. This is not an awfully difficult drawback. There could also be deviations from the highest or maybe a go-between it. During this field, the sincerity of the work is additional necessary. Typically a service from the nurses themselves werent satisfactory the patient, significantly nurses in government hospitals. This might be the dearth of pay. The nurses strike doesnt do an honest job as a result of my sister rush returns the specified payment. Therefore, the nurses themselves should look out of their own behavior rather not affected their image. Additionally, the upper authorities like the Ministry of Health ought to even be serious issues occurring instead of simply meaninglessness. Additionally, the nurse ought to be additional skilled perspective. Nurses are government employees rather necessary. Therefore, to curb disciplinary issues attenuate, the superior should show smart behavior Associate in Nursing set an example for subordinates. In the space of health care, the nurse may be a one that worked as a care skilled. Nurses are chargeable for the rescue and cured the sick, lookout of their health, and to handle emergencies altogether severe conditions altogether areas of health. Profession nursing may be a field thats terribly valuable. This space includes a high market price and also the prospects are terribly bright. Nurse deemed noble profession as a result of it helps those in would like. Therefore, employment as a nurse to be control in high esteem. Our responsibility is ready to create the patient get physiological condition or otherwise. Positive read of career is greatly required. Additionally, the values of the nurses own birth is critical to confirm that such work is seen higher. Disciplines are required so as to not look squint at others, particularly patients. Advances in self nurses may indirectly raise the name of a hospital. Career nursing profession is one among the most core and a key think about t he success of the system and also the countrys health care services, whereas its thought-about a awfully noble profession, admirable and integrity. References Henderson, V. (2006). The concept of nursing:.Journal of Advanced Nursing,53(1), 21-31. [Last accessed 5th July 2014] Zahrah. (2010). A challenging task in Nursing.Available: http://zahrahnursing.blogspot.com/. [Last accessed 6th July 2014] Utusan. (2005). Kejururawatan Bidang yang penting dan menarik.Available: http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2005dt=0211sec=Pendidikanpg=pe_02.htm. [Last accessed 6th July 2014] Khalilah. (2014). Tokoh Jururawat Malaysia.Available: http://www.sinarharian.com.my/tokoh-jururawat-malaysia-1.239800. [Last accessed 5th July 2014] Harakah. (2014). Tuntut keadilan buat jururawat seluruh Malaysia.Available: http://www.harakahdaily.net/index.php/terbaik-dari-blog/95-terbaik-dari-blog/25301-tuntut-keadilan-buat-jururawat-seluruh-malaysia. [Last accessed 6th July 2014]

Television Violence Negatively Impacts Children Essay -- Critical Thin

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Littleton, Colorado; Springfield, Oregon; Jonesboro, Arkansas; Pearl, Mississippi. These previously unknown suburban cities will forever be branded into our minds. These cities are linked by one devastating factor: young students firing upon fellow students and educators. What causes these young people to "snap" causing the violent shooting sprees? Although the events are too recent to fully understand their causes, we can try to understand what led to the disastrous situations. The impact of television violence on youth behavior has been an issue for many years. Television stations and their executives tend to deny television's contribution to youth violence. In the following paragraphs, I will use various examples to demonstrate the impact television has had on youth violence. This will be accomplished by: discussing the problems associated with television viewing, identifying violence on television, portraying the effects of television violence on younger people, and revealing ways to reduce violence on television. This paper explores these topics by using multiple statistics, by incorporating the views of several public officials and authors, and through my own views as well. In 1939, at the World's Fair, television first came into our lives. In 1938, author E. B. White told Harpers Magazine: "I believe that television is going to be the test of the modern world, and in this new opportunity to see beyond the range of our own vision, we shall discover either a new and unbearable disturbance of the general peace or a saving radiance in the sky. We shall stand or fall by television, of that I am sure." ( Murray, 1) E. B. White foresaw the problems associated with television when TV first arrived, but I do not ... ...ww.aacap.org/publications/factsfam/violence.htm DeMoss, Jr. Robert G. Learn to Discern. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1992. Goodwin, William. Teen Violence San Diego, CA: Lucent Books, 1998. Gore, Tipper. Raising PG Kids in an X-Rated Society: What Parents can do to Protect Their Children From Sex and Violence in the Media. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 1987. Landau, Elaine. Teenage Violence. Englewood Cliffs, CO: Julian Messner, 1990. Margolis, Jeffrey A. Teen Crime Wave: A Growing Problem. Issues In Focus Series. Springfield, NJ: Enslow Publishers, Inc., 1997 Miller, Maryann. Coping With Weapons and Violence in Your Schools and on Your Streets. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, 1993. Murray, John P. Children and Television Violence. Kansas Journal of Law & Public Policy, 1993. Volume 4, Number 3, pp 7-14   

Brave New World: Helplessness Essay -- Brave New World

Brave New World: Helplessness How can one distinguish happiness from unhappiness if unhappiness is never experienced? It's the bad that makes the good look good, but if you don't know the good from the bad, you'll settle for what you're given. Can people judge their feelings without a basis or underlying "rubric" to follow? Such rudimentary guidelines are established through the maturation process and continue to fluctuate as one grows wiser with a vaster array of experiences. Aldous Huxley creates a utopia filled with happiness, but this is merely a facade to a world which is incomplete and quite empty since the essential "experiences" are replaced with "conditioning." Perhaps this fantasy world was distinctly composed to be a harbinger of our future. An analysis of an "exclusive utopia" designed to heed the present world from becoming desensitized to freedom and individualism and to warn against the danger of an overly progressive scientific and technological society. Huxley commences his story at the source of such world control -- the hatchery. Governed by mottoes of "Community, Identity, and Stability," the "brave new world" he creates is "conditioned" from the start. The test tube babies undergo precise tests, dietary supplements, and encouragement to "produce" the defined castes of "individuals." The central action arises when Bernard Marx, an alpha plus psychologist, becomes continually irritated at the boredom and incompleteness of this highly regulated life. Through his independent thinking he becomes frustrated and feels alone. Such feelings Marx shares with his close friend Helmholtz Watson, who was advantageously decanted in his "test tubular stages" and therefore has an ... ...domination. the Bokanovsky Process, in which one egg is "budded" into hundreds and thousands making a shocking number of "twins" and then the decanting process, the actual birth form the test tube, and finally, the social conditioning processes in which people are "formed" by means of shocks, sirens, and other unpleasant devices to certain stimuli so that they will always evoke certain intrinsic feelings toward those stimuli. The idea of such a "precision-made" society to accomplish work and live in happiness and virtue leaves no room for "imperfection." Such imperfections as Marx, Watson, and the savage however are no threat to the society as apparent in the novel since they are swallowed by the system-- if nobody listens to their ideas, talking does no good. Such automatic suppression of the "rebels" leaves the reader with a frigid feeling of helplessness.

Excel Igcse Computer Studies Glossary Essay

Actuator – It is a device that can be operated by signals from a computer or control system causing physical movement. (E.g. devices for opening windows in a computer controlled ventilation system) Algorithm – It is a sequence of instructions designed to perform a particular task and it is independent of any programming language. It includes precise details about the operations to be performed and in what order. (E.g. pseudo-code or program flow chart) Batch processing – It is a processing that doesn’t start until all the data are collected without any needs of human interaction. It uses computer during overnight. (E.g. payroll system, billing, cheque processing) CAD (Computer Aided Design) – It is the use of computer system that allows engineers and architects to design new projects by producing drawings. (E.g. designing new cars) Command-line interface – It is a set of commands instructed by the user in order to communicate with the computer and get the requirements sorted out. Compiler – It is a program that converts high-level language into machine language and converts whole program before execution. Cookies – It is a text which the user receives when in access to the internet website and gets automatically downloaded onto the user’s computer and further develops to infect a computer. (E.g. it can be blocked when the user rejects it by setting its restriction on the web page) Data integrity – It refers to the accuracy of data. Data-logging – It is an automatic capturing and storing of data readings from sensors over a period of time. (E.g. weather forecasting) De-skilling – It is replacing a semi-skilled labour with a micro-processing control system. Dry run – It is working through a program or a section of a program manually. This is useful for locating errors, particularly run time errors. E-commerce – It is an electronic commerce that allows buying and selling goods and services through the internet/computer networks. Either B2B or B2C, they still serve their products. (E.g. on-line shopping, Internet/online banking) H.J.Hong Encryption – It is a way of preventing data files that contain sensitive  information from being used if they’re stolen. Expert system – It is an application of artificial intelligence (AI) to a particular area of activity where traditional human expert knowledge and experience are made available through a computer package. (E.g. medical diagnosis) Generic software – It is a type of software that can perform many different related tasks. Intranet – It is a communication system, providing similar services to the internet solely within a particular company or organization. It makes it possible to share documents, databases and applications, using the same protocol as the internet. (E.g. more secure data) Logic gates – They are the components used in making logic circuits. Each gate has 1 or more inputs and produces a single output that depends upon the input(s). Simulation – It is a study of the behaviour of a system by using a model. (E.g. flight simulator) Structure diagram – It is a means of representing the design of a program or system and it demonstrates what happens at a program level Top-down design – It is the technic of breaking down a problem into subtasks that are sufficiently simple enough to be written as a self-contained module or procedure. (E.g. allows several programmers to work on the same large task, each module can be tested/debugged separately) Validation – It is a check on the data input and detects any data that is unreasonable and unacceptable. Video-conferencing – It is a form of an electronic communication through Internet for people who are geographically separated to transmit audio and video data. (E.g. meetings held at different locations) Virtual reality – It is a computer simulation that uses special interactive devices such as data gloves to create an artificial environment. (E.g. viewing newly constructed houses/pilot training) Virus – It is a program which replicates itself and damages files or data. (E.g. it alters the data on the infected computer without the user knowing it)

Importance of LAMP Fellowship

What are your educational and/or professional achievements? B) Why Is the LAMP Fellowship the next step for you? C) What do you hope to learn through the LAMP Fellowship? D) How is the Fellowship relevant to your future goals? My education has played an Important role In shaping me developing critical thinking skills and decision making abilities. Having served as Finance Coordinator during Annual Technical Festival of my college I was exposed to different facets of organizing an event and managing the team.I was selected as a student delegate for a inference on climate change and Kyoto Protocol and gave a presentation in a national conference on Implementation of low cost water treatment faceless for Societies. Professionally y I have learned a lot and still continue to do so. Was winner of annual poster- presentation event organized by MM. I discussed the challenges faced by our utilities, technological solutions which can be Implemented. I was also acknowledged by management for t he innovate Idea.I believe LAMP fellowship provides an ideal opportunity. My short term goal is also to work with Think-tanks/ government/consulting companies in recommending policy framing and in this regard LAMP fellowship is ideal at this stage after which I would like to either work/ go for higher education In the domain of Public Policy. Since LAMP fellowship will be the perfect opportunity to understand our government functioning and equip myself in finding solutions, I am eager to pursue it.LAMP fellowship will provide me an opportunity to have a comprehensive understanding of how a policy shapes up and hat goes beneath the framing of policy, the functioning of parliament and to understand the workings of PM. To have the opportunity to see my recommendation or questions or argument being discussed in the house is also a great motivator. It presents the best opportunity at this stage for me to fit in my career goals. The political climate has changed significantly and a lot of focus Is on good governance.It Is imperative to have clear understanding, perspectives and know-how as to how the government functions before making economic decisions. Even in future if I would eke to have a business in socially relevant sectors and it is imperative to understand the policy making process. Write a 500-word essay on any policy/legislative Issue that you have followed in the past year. Mention the objective and key features of the Issue and provide brief analysis. One of the major policies which I am keeping close eye on is Indian's Energy Policy.It is one of the most important things and successful Implementation of this policy Is extremely vital. It Is largely defined by burgeoning energy deficit, gross Inefficiencies ND the focus on developing alternate source of energy. The recent black-out 1 OFF transmission systems. However, the scope of this essay is limited to the issue of distribution companies. Indian disco's are largely state-owned and massively indebted. A whopping 1, 70,000 lack scores is the amount estimated is the debt of State owned utilities.Key features that define the policy related to disco's are: 1) Inability to revise power tariffs 2) High %age of distribution losses > 28% and in some states > 50% 3) Caters to people sentiments ) More than 95% of disco's are state-owned 5) Aging workforce 6) Inefficient grid 7) Inability to achieve state-wide energy accountability 8) Providing unaccounted power to unrealized colonies due to votes 9) Fleet inefficiencies and losses We will discuss some important points case-by-case: Inability to revise power-tariffs is the outcome of it being vital component of a middle-income families expenditure.It creates a furors among the ruling parties that they will lose votes. There is no case to suggest power tariffs can remain same when el prices from coal, steel, natural gas, crude oil are rising. However, if our gross inefficiencies in distribution are reduced we would be able to reach wider pu blic and if there is surplus generation it can be exported to have extra income. Also large number of coal plants are running at load factor of 50% where industry SST is 85%. More energy generation can be achieved through this. Transparent pricing should be promoted.Private sector should be promoted to get into distribution. Data Power in Delhi and RPG led SEC in Kola have minimum AT&C losses. These organizations ring competitive talent who has worked across the world and use best practices. Outsourcing of power distribution Just like in Bandied has also been significantly successful. More private players should be promoted. There is no economic and political sense in wasting tax payers money in inefficiency. Distribution losses should be minimized through energy accounting, smart metering, check on faulty metering, leakage in distribution and preventing power theft.Grids should be integrated with technology to power addition from mint-grids and efficient energy transmission. Consis tent adoption of RAPPER (Restructured Accelerated Power Distribution Reform Program)- Providing assistance to states for preparing the base-line data for using new technology tools in project areas having more than 4 lack people and annual input energy of the order of 350 MI-J. Providing assistance for renovation, modernization and strengthening of 11 xv level Substations, Transformers/ Transformer Centers, and re-conducting of lines at 1 1 xv level. These major issues affect the energy distribution policy in India.

Poems for Kindergarten (Hamlet Quotes) Essay

Not a mouse stirring, When the cat began purring. Quietly and stealthily away they crept, Fooling the hungry cat, Who sat and wept. Translation: All the mice sat very still like statues when they heard the cat coming their way. They knew that she was coming their way because they could hear her purring. They decided to escape. Then very quietly, almost like thieves, the mice ran away. The poor cat began to cry because she could catch no mice to eat. Poem 2: The King of Infinite Space The king of infinite space, Gave the beggar a bag of lace. † I give thee a bag of peas† The beggar replied â€Å"But what’s the use milord, For its Gold I seek† Translation: A very rich king who ruled over the world and all of space out of generosity gives a beggar a beautiful bag made of lace. He believes that the beggar his hungry, so he fills the bag with peas for the beggar to it and tell him so. But the beggar is a greedy man. He is not in the least happy with the food given to him. He wants to become rich. So the ungrateful beggar tells the king that the food is of no use because he was expecting money – gold coins. Poem 3: Sweets to the Sweet Sweets to the sweet, Lemons to the sour. It’s good to be good, And bad to be bad. Translation: Sweets like candy and chocolates are given to people who are nice and sweet. Sour eatables like lemon are given to people who are sour. Sweet people are like sweets because they leave a good flavor in the mouth and sour people like lemons leave a bad taste. It is a good thing to be good because everybody will love you. It’s bad to be bad because no one will like you or love you, if you are mean to others. Poem 4: To Be or Not To Be To be like an oak tree, With roots spreading far. Or be a pretty daisy, the little pink flower. So what will it be? Oh boy, Oh boy, to be or not to be. Translation: Do you want to be as strong as the oak tree, with your power spreading far and wide like its roots. Or do you want to be a pretty daisy flower that makes people happy with its beauty and nice smell. So what will it be? It is a difficult decision to make is it not, deciding whether to be one thing or not. Poem 5: The Memory is Green The memory is green, Of Granny’s house so white and clean. I smudged the walls with colors black and blue Don’t blame. I was bored and had nothing to do. The memory is green when granny spanked me, With her red wooden brush, that was so heavy. I remember my Granny’s house very clearly. It seems just like yesterday that I was there. It was a nice little house with white walls all spick and span. But I was feeling naught and also I had nothing to do. So I took some colors and with my muddy hands I made prints and drawings on the walls. I also clearly remember the brush my gran spanked me with and it sure was heavy.

Graphene Replaced with Copper

Graphene replaced with copper Graphene nanoribbons have a current-carrying capacity two orders of magnitude higher than copper Recent research into the properties of graphene nanoribbons provides two new reasons for using the material for interconnects in future computer chips. In widths as narrow as 16 nm, graphene has a current-carrying capacity approximately a thousand times greater than copper while providing improved thermal conductivity. The current-carrying and heat-transfer measurements were reported by a team of researchers from the Georgia Institute of Technology (Atlanta, GA). The same team had previously reported measurements of resistivity in graphene that suggest the material’s conductance would outperform that of copper in future generations of nanometer-scale interconnects. The graphene nanoribbons have a current-carrying capacity two orders of magnitude higher than copper at these size scales, according to Raghunath Murali, a senior research engineer at Georgia Tech. {draw:frame} Composed of thin layers of graphite, graphene has been studied by the Georgia Tech team as a potential replacement for copper in on-chip interconnects wires. The graphene nanoribbons have a current-carrying capacity of more than 108 A/cm2, which makes them very robust in resisting electromigration and should greatly improve chip reliability. This electromigration phenomenon causes transport of material, especially at high-current density and leads to a break in the wire and, consequently, chip failure. The research team also discovered that the graphene nanoribbons also have excellent thermal conductivity properties and can conduct heat away from devices. They found that graphene nanoribbons have a thermal conductivity of more than 1,000 W/m Kelvin for structures less than 20 nm wide. This will help the interconnects serve as heat spreaders in future generations of integrated circuits, according to Murali. They used electron beam lithography to construct four electrode contacts, then used lithography to fabricate devices consisting of parallel nanoribbons of widths ranging between 16 and 52 nm and lengths of between 0. 2 and 1  µm. The breakdown current density of the nanoribbons was then studied by slowly applying an increasing amount of current to the electrodes on either side of the parallel nanoribbons. A drop in current flow indicated the breakdown of one or more of the nanoribbons. In the study of 21 test devices, the researchers found that the breakdown current density of graphene nanoribbons has a reciprocal relationship to the resistivity. Because graphene can be patterned using conventional chip-making processes, manufacturers could make the transition from copper to graphene without a drastic change in chip fabrication. The data they developed so far look very promising for using this material as the basis for future on-chip interconnects. Visit www. youtube. com/watch? v=kd6zzwhfEqw to view a video explaining graphene’s thermal-conductivity capabilities. Though one of graphene’s key properties is reported to be ballistic transport—meaning electrons can flow through it without resistance—the material’s actual conductance is limited by factors that include scattering from impurities, line-edge roughness and from substrate phonons—vibrations in the substrate lattice. Use of graphene interconnects could help facilitate continuing increases in integrated circuit performance once features sizes drop to approximately 20 nanometers, which could happen in the next five years, researchers said. At that scale, the increased resistance of copper interconnects could offset performance increases, meaning that without other improvements, higher density wouldn’t produce faster integrated circuits. This is not a roadblock to achieving scaling from one generation to the next, but it is a roadblock to achieving increased performance. Dimensional scaling could continue, but because we would be giving up so much in terms of resistivity, we wouldn’t get a performance advantage from that. That’s the problem we hope to solve by switching to a different materials system for interconnects Survey in graphene replaced with copper PORTLAND, Ore. —Graphene will carry nearly 1,000-times more current and run over 10-times cooler than conventional copper interconnects below 22-nanometer line widths, according to researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech). The speed (electron mobility) of graphene has already been touted as better than copper, but this Georgia Tech data on nanoribbons as small as 16-nanometers quantifies just how superior carbon is to copper. The graphene nanoribbons tested at Georgia Tech could carry as much as 10 billion amps per square centimeter—nearly a thousand times greater than copper. â€Å"No one had measured graphene's current carrying capacity before this,† said Raghunath Murali, a senior research engineer in Georgia Tech's Nanotechnology Research Center. One possible reason that this property of graphene was not touted before is that there were no experimental results until our work. † The superior current carrying capability of carbon formed into graphene nanoribbons is also combined with less heat build-up, since carbon's thermal conductivity is much higher than copper. Nanoribbons have a thermal conductivity of 1,000-to-5000 watts per meter Kelvin—ten times greater than copper . The Georgia Tech researchers also claim that graphene nanoribbons will mitigate electro-migration which is an increasing problem for copper as line widths descend to the nanoscale. If the current carried through a wire is close to the current-carrying capacity of the wire, then the chances of electromigration are greater than if the current in the wire is much smaller than the current-carrying capacity,† said Murali. â€Å"Graphene has over two orders of magnitude greater capacity than copper, thus if a graphene wire is compared to a copper wire carrying the same current, then the graphene wire will better resist electromigration. † Murali's team obtained their graphene samples by removing layers from a graphite block and depositing them on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. E-beam lithograhy was used to construct the metal contacts and cut the parallel lines of graphene into lines 16-to-52 nanometers wide and 200-to-1000 nanometers long. There are three hurdles remaining to commercialization of carbon interrconnects, according to the researchers at Georgia Tech: perfecting methods of growing monolayers of graphene over entire wafers (since today only small centimeter-sized areas can be easiliy grown in monolayers), fabricating vias to interrconnect graphene nanowires, and integration of carbon into the back-end of process on a CMOS line. Murali performed the work with fellow researchers Yinxiao Yang, Kevin Brenner, Thomas Beck and James Meindl. This research was funded by the Semiconductor Research Corporation, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the Interconnect Focus Center, the Nanoelectronics Research Initiative and the Institute for Nanoelectronics Discovery and Exploration (INDEX). Replacing silicon {draw:frame} Silicon transisitors are approaching the point where further miniturization will no longer be possible. It is expected that once silicon transistors reach 16nm size, optical lithography will no longer be capable of making smaller images. Thus, unless all preogress in transistor size is terminated and performance improvements are limited to processor architecture alone, it is very likely that chip manufacturers will move to graphene as a way to get smaller transisitors. One example is that graphene transistors are very â€Å"leaky† compared to those made of silicon- that is, more charge can escape from them. This means that graphene chips are likely to run much hotter than silicon chips. Graphene has several very appealing traits. Electrons meet much less resistance from graphene than they do from silicon, traveling through it more than 100 times as easily. And because graphene is essentially a two-dimensional material, building smaller devices with it and controlling the flow of electricity within them are easier than with three-dimensional alternatives like silicon transistors. The finding underscores graphene's potential for serving as an excellent electronic material, such as silicon, that can be used to develop new kinds of transistors based on quantum physics. Because they encounter no obstacles, the electrons in graphene roam freely across the sheet of carbon, conducting electric charge with extremely low resistance. The research team, led by Chun Ning (Jeanie) Lau, found that the electrons in graphene are reflected back by the only obstacle they meet: graphene's boundaries. â€Å"These electrons meet no other obstacles and behave like quantum billiard balls. â€Å"They display properties that resemble both particles and waves. † when the electrons are reflected from one of the boundaries of graphene, the original and reflected components of the electron can interfere with each other, the way outgoing ripples in a pond might interfere with ripples reflected back from the banks. he â€Å"electronic interference† by measuring graphene's electrical conductivity at extremely low (0. 26 Kelvin) temperatures. She explained that at such low temperatures the quantum properties of electrons can be studied more easily. The electrons in graphene can display wave-like properties, which could lead to interesting applications such as ballistic transistors, which is a new type of transistor, as w ell as resonant cavities for electrons, that a resonant cavity is a chamber, like a kitchen microwave, in which waves can bounce back and forth. Scientifically, it has become a new odel system for condensed-matter physics, the branch of physics that deals with the physical properties of solid materials. Graphene enables table-top experimental tests of a number of phenomena in physics involving quantum mechanics and relativity. Bearing excellent material properties, such as high current-carrying capacity and thermal conductivity, graphene ideally is suited for creating components for semiconductor circuits and computers comparing with silicon. Its planar geometry allows the fabrication of electronic devices and the tailoring of a variety of electrical properties. Because it is only one-atom thick, it can potentially be used to make ultra-small devices and further miniaturize electronics. Image shows graphene, which can act as an atomic-scale billiard table, with electric charges acting as billiard balls. (Credit: Lau lab, UC-Riverside) Silicon has been the main ingredient in microchips since they replaced vacuum tubes in electronics. But the common element graphene, found in pencils, may one day supplant silicon on the billion-dollar foundries of IBM, Intel and AMD. Graphene shares the characteristics that make silicon so ubiquitous, not just in computers and cell phones, but in such applications as medical and aviation sensors, ultrahigh-frequency analog electronics for preparing signals for fiber-optic transmission or for radars. Graphene can do what silicon can, only better. Graphene has extraordinary electron-transport properties; its monolayer thickness yields exquisite sensitivity to changes in environment, and its mechanical and thermal properties equal or exceed those of the best conventional materials. The superior properties of graphene and graphene-related materials present an extraordinary opportunity for enabling new classes of electronic, optoelectronic and electromechanical devices and sensors The first commercial use for graphene may be as an electrical coating for LCD screens, solar cells, and touch screens. Thin, transparent, extremely conductive, and strong, it seems ideal for the job. ONE OF THE APPLICATION Graphene Quilts to Keep Things Cool December 21, 2009 {draw:frame} Graphene University of California, Riverside (UCR) Professor of Electrical Engineering and Chair of Materials Science and Engineering Alexander Balandin is leading several projects to explore ways to use the unique capabilities of graphene â€Å"quilts† as heat conductors in high-power electronics. Graphene is a recently discovered single-atom-thick carbon crystal, which reveals many unique properties. In Balandin’s designs, graphene â€Å"quilts† (large-area overlapping networks of graphene flakes) will play quite an opposite role of your grandma’s quilts. They will remove heat instead of retaining it. His work on graphene heat-conducting coats for heat removal from high-power gallium-nitride transistors is being funded by a recently awarded $420,000 grant from U. S. Office of Naval Research (ONR). It aims at an experimental proof-of-concept demonstration to be conducted in Balandin’s Nano-Device Laboratory (NDL). In addition to the ONR grant, Balandin received a new three-year subcontract with the Interconnect Focus Center (IFC), based at the Georgia Institute of Technology, that deals with graphene interconnects and heat spreaders for three-dimensional (3-D) electronics. According to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, in the next five years, up to 80 percent of microprocessor power will be consumed by the interconnect wiring—a driver for the search for new interconnect materials and innovative methods of heat removal. Another recent subcontract awarded to Balandin is with the Functional Engineered Nano Architectonics (FENA) center based at UCLA. In this center, he investigates the problems of energy dissipation in graphene nanostructures and nanodevices. Combined new funding secured by Balandin this month for the three projects exceeds $1 million. The centers’ funding comes from the Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC) and Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA). Because graphene is only one molecule thick, it didn’t lend itself to traditional methods of thermal conductivity measurement. Balandin led a team of researchers that first measured it using an original non-conventional technique in 2008. The procedure involved a non-contact approach on the basis of Raman spectroscopy utilizing the inelastic scattering of photons (light) by phonons (crystal vibrations). The power dissipated in graphene and corresponding temperature rise were detected by extremely small shifts in the wavelength of the light scattered from graphene. That was sufficient to extract the values of the thermal conductivity through an elaborate mathematical procedure. Balandin’s research group discovered that the thermal conductivity of large suspended graphene sheets varies in the range from about 3000 to 5300 W/mK (watts per meter per degree Kelvin) near room temperature. These are very high values, which exceed those of carbon nanotubes (3,000-3,500 W/mK) and diamond (1,000-2,200 W/mK). As a result of his findings, Balandin has proposed several innovative graphene-based approaches for thermal management , which might lead to creation of a new technology for local cooling and hot-spot spreading in the high-power-density and ultra-fast chips. A detailed description of Balandin’s graphene and thermal management research can be found in his invited popular science article, â€Å"Chill Out,† in the October 2009 issue of IEEE Spectrum, the magazine of the The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE).